There are several types of periodontal diseases. All are started by a bacterial infection which attacks the gums, bone and ligaments that support the teeth and hold them in the jaw. Periodontal diseases are usually painless, and may develop slowly or progress quite rapidly.

Periodontal disease is caused by certain types of bacteria in plaque, the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. These bacteria create toxins (poisons) which irritate the gums and result in a break down of the attachment of gums tissues to teeth. Over time, these toxins can destroy gum tissues, allowing the infection to progress to bone loss.

In addition, plaque that is not removed can combine with other materials and harden into a rough, porous deposit called calculus (tartar). Calculus on the tooth surface, above the gumline, may not contribute to periodontal diseases; but calculus on the root surface, below the gums, makes removal of new plaque and bacteria more.

People who are smokers or chew tobacco are more likely to have periodontal diseases, and to have them more severely, than those who do not us any form of tobacco.

Poorly fitting bridges, malocclusion (badly aligned teeth) or defective restorations (fillings), can all contribute to plaque retention and increase the risk of developing periodontal diseases.

Habits which place excessive biting forces on your teeth, such as clenching or grinding, may also accelerate the rate at which supporting bone is lost.

Pregnancy or use of oral contraceptives
increases hormone levels which can cause gum tissues to react more sensitively to the toxins in plaque and accelerate growth of certain bacteria. The gums are more likely to become red, tender and swollen and to bleed easily.

Systemic diseases, such as AlDS or diabetes, can lower the tissues  resistance to infection, making periodontal diseases more severe.

Systemic diseases, such as AlDS or diabetes, can lower the tissues  resistance to infection, making periodontal diseases more severe.

Medication, steroids, some types of anti epilepsy drugs, cancer therapy drugs, some calcium channel blocker and many others - affect the gums. It is critical that your dentist knows about any medications you are taking, so be sure you update your medical history whenever necessary.

You can help your dentist-- and yourself - in your fight against periodontal diseases by learning the warning signs. If you notice any of the following signs, see your dentist immediately:

• Gums that bleed easily.
• Red, swollen or tender gums.
• Gums that have pulled away from the teeth.
• Pus between the teeth and when the gums are pressed.
• Persistent bad breath or bad taste.
• Permanent teeth that are loose or separating.
• Any change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
• Any changes in the fit of partial dentures.  

With regular checkups and proper home care, periodontal disease can be diagnosed early and be treated.  Treatments include:

• Scaling and Root Planning is a type of professional tooth cleaning.  It removes plaque and tartar from the teeth and smoothes the root surfaces.
• Antibacterial Therapy includes oral medication, locally applied antibiotics, and rinses that can help fight bacteria.
• Surgical Treatment is used for advanced infections and pockets too deep for Scaling and Root Planning alone.  Surgery may be done on soft tissue or bone to help the healing process.